diff --git a/CMakeLists.txt b/CMakeLists.txt
index c87b62f..8fc0c4c 100644
--- a/CMakeLists.txt
+++ b/CMakeLists.txt
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
-# Require at least CMake version 3.14.5 or later for FetchContent
-cmake_minimum_required(VERSION 3.14.5)
+# Require at least CMake version 3.16 for FetchContent and target_precompiled_headers
+cmake_minimum_required(VERSION 3.16)
 
 # Define the VTIL project
 project(VTIL-Core)
@@ -14,6 +14,8 @@ if(CMAKE_CURRENT_SOURCE_DIR STREQUAL CMAKE_SOURCE_DIR)
 endif()
 
 option(VTIL_BUILD_TESTS "Build tests" ${VTIL_ROOT_PROJECT})
+option(VTIL_UNITY_BUILD "Enable unity build for faster compilation" OFF)
+option(VTIL_SANITIZE_THREADS "Enable ThreadSanitizer (Clang/GCC only)" OFF)
 
 # Load the dependencies
 set(CMAKE_FOLDER "VTIL-Core/Dependencies")
diff --git a/VTIL-Architecture/CMakeLists.txt b/VTIL-Architecture/CMakeLists.txt
index 9207f67..d86b087 100644
--- a/VTIL-Architecture/CMakeLists.txt
+++ b/VTIL-Architecture/CMakeLists.txt
@@ -14,3 +14,9 @@ source_group(TREE ${PROJECT_SOURCE_DIR} FILES ${SOURCES} ${INCLUDES})
 
 target_include_directories(${PROJECT_NAME} PUBLIC includes)
 target_link_libraries(${PROJECT_NAME} VTIL-Common VTIL-SymEx)
+
+target_precompile_headers(${PROJECT_NAME} REUSE_FROM VTIL-Common)
+
+if(VTIL_UNITY_BUILD)
+    set_target_properties(${PROJECT_NAME} PROPERTIES UNITY_BUILD ON)
+endif()
diff --git a/VTIL-Architecture/routine/basic_block.hpp b/VTIL-Architecture/routine/basic_block.hpp
index 408b94b..89b805b 100644
--- a/VTIL-Architecture/routine/basic_block.hpp
+++ b/VTIL-Architecture/routine/basic_block.hpp
@@ -313,7 +313,7 @@ namespace vtil
 			//
 			if ( owner )
 				for ( auto& [vip, blk] : owner->explored_blocks )
-					fassert( blk != this );
+					fassert( blk.get() != this );
 
 			// Destroy instruction list.
 			//
diff --git a/VTIL-Architecture/routine/fwd.hpp b/VTIL-Architecture/routine/fwd.hpp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..da69e5e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/VTIL-Architecture/routine/fwd.hpp
@@ -0,0 +1,14 @@
+// Copyright (c) 2020 Can Boluk and contributors of the VTIL Project
+// All rights reserved.
+// Forward declarations for routine types to reduce header dependencies.
+//
+#pragma once
+#include <cstdint>
+
+namespace vtil
+{
+	struct basic_block;
+	struct routine;
+	struct instruction;
+	using vip_t = uint64_t;
+};
diff --git a/VTIL-Architecture/routine/routine.cpp b/VTIL-Architecture/routine/routine.cpp
index f8863f3..921e1e2 100644
--- a/VTIL-Architecture/routine/routine.cpp
+++ b/VTIL-Architecture/routine/routine.cpp
@@ -155,7 +155,7 @@ namespace vtil
 
 		auto it = explored_blocks.find( vip );
 		if ( it == explored_blocks.end() ) return nullptr;
-		return it->second;
+		return it->second.get();
 	}
 	basic_block* routine::get_block( vip_t vip ) const
 	{
@@ -180,25 +180,26 @@ namespace vtil
 		// Try inserting into the map:
 		//
 		auto [it, inserted] = explored_blocks.emplace( vip, nullptr );
-		basic_block*& block = it->second;
 		if ( inserted )
 		{
 			// Create the block and set entry if none set.
 			//
-			block = new basic_block( this, vip );
-			if ( !entry_point ) entry_point = block;
-			
+			it->second = std::make_unique<basic_block>( this, vip );
+			if ( !entry_point ) entry_point = it->second.get();
+
 			// Create self link.
 			//
-			path_cache[ block ][ block ].insert( block );
+			path_cache[ it->second.get() ][ it->second.get() ].insert( it->second.get() );
 		}
 
+		basic_block* block = it->second.get();
+
 		// Fix links and explore the path.
 		//
 		if ( src )
 		{
 			fassert( src->owner == this );
-		
+
 			bool new_next = std::find( src->next.begin(), src->next.end(), block ) == src->next.end();
 			bool new_prev = inserted || std::find( block->prev.begin(), block->prev.end(), src ) == block->prev.end();
 
@@ -261,10 +262,9 @@ namespace vtil
 			it++;
 		}
 
-		// Remove from explored blocks and delete it.
+		// Remove from explored blocks (unique_ptr automatically deletes the block).
 		//
 		explored_blocks.erase( block->entry_vip );
-		delete block;
 	}
 
 	// Gets a list of exits.
@@ -280,7 +280,7 @@ namespace vtil
 		std::vector<const basic_block*> exits;
 		for ( auto& [vip, block] : explored_blocks )
 			if ( block->next.empty() )
-				exits.push_back( block );
+				exits.push_back( block.get() );
 		return exits;
 	}
 
@@ -429,8 +429,8 @@ namespace vtil
 		// Sum up instructions in every block.
 		//
 		size_t n = 0;
-		for ( auto& [_, blk] : explored_blocks )
-			n += blk->size();
+		for ( auto& [_, blk_ptr] : explored_blocks )
+			n += blk_ptr->size();
 		return n;
 	}
 	size_t routine::num_branches() const
@@ -442,8 +442,8 @@ namespace vtil
 		// Sum up paths in every block.
 		//
 		size_t n = 0;
-		for ( auto& [_, blk] : explored_blocks )
-			n += blk->next.size();
+		for ( auto& [_, blk_ptr] : explored_blocks )
+			n += blk_ptr->next.size();
 		return n;
 	}
 
@@ -455,35 +455,39 @@ namespace vtil
 		//
 		std::lock_guard g{ this->mutex };
 
+		// Clear inter-block references before unique_ptrs auto-destruct,
+		// to avoid dangling pointers during destruction order.
+		//
 		for ( auto& [vip, block] : explored_blocks )
 		{
 			block->next.clear();
 			block->prev.clear();
-			delete std::exchange( block, nullptr );
 		}
+		explored_blocks.clear();
 	}
 
 	// Clones the routine and it's every block.
 	//
-	routine* routine::clone() const
+	std::unique_ptr<routine> routine::clone() const
 	{
 		// Acquire the routine mutex.
 		//
 		std::lock_guard g{ this->mutex };
 
-		// Copy the routine.
+		// Copy the routine (protected copy ctor -- explored_blocks is left empty).
 		//
-		auto copy = new routine( *this );
-		
-		// Clone each block referenced.
+		auto copy = std::unique_ptr<routine>( new routine( *this ) );
+
+		// Deep-copy each block from the source routine.
 		//
-		for ( auto& [vip, block] : copy->explored_blocks )
+		for ( auto& [vip, block] : this->explored_blocks )
 		{
-			block = new basic_block( *block );
-			block->owner = copy;
+			auto cloned = std::make_unique<basic_block>( *block );
+			cloned->owner = copy.get();
+			copy->explored_blocks.emplace( vip, std::move( cloned ) );
 		}
-		
-		// Fix block links.
+
+		// Fix block links (prev/next still point to source blocks, remap to copy's blocks).
 		//
 		for ( auto& [vip, block] : copy->explored_blocks )
 			for ( auto& list : { &block->next, &block->prev } )
diff --git a/VTIL-Architecture/routine/routine.hpp b/VTIL-Architecture/routine/routine.hpp
index 12e41c1..d47453b 100644
--- a/VTIL-Architecture/routine/routine.hpp
+++ b/VTIL-Architecture/routine/routine.hpp
@@ -60,9 +60,25 @@ namespace vtil
 	{
 	protected:
 		// This structure cannot be copied without a call to ::clone().
+		// Copy constructor must be explicit since explored_blocks contains unique_ptrs.
 		//
-		routine( const routine& ) = default;
-		routine& operator=( const routine& ) = default;
+		routine( const routine& o )
+			: mutex()
+			, arch_id( o.arch_id )
+			, explored_blocks()      // NOT copied -- clone() handles block deep-copy
+			, path_cache()           // NOT copied -- clone() rebuilds
+			, entry_point( nullptr )
+			, last_internal_id( o.last_internal_id.load() )
+			, routine_convention( o.routine_convention )
+			, subroutine_convention( o.subroutine_convention )
+			, spec_subroutine_conventions( o.spec_subroutine_conventions )
+			, local_opt_count( o.local_opt_count.load() )
+			, context( o.context )
+			, depth_ordered_list_cache{}
+			, cfg_epoch( o.cfg_epoch )
+			, epoch( o.epoch.load() )
+		{}
+		routine& operator=( const routine& ) = delete;
 	public:
 		// Mutex guarding the whole structure, more information on thread-safety can be found at basic_block.hpp.
 		//
@@ -73,8 +89,9 @@ namespace vtil
 		architecture_identifier arch_id;
 
 		// Cache of explored blocks, mapping virtual instruction pointer to the basic block structure.
+		// Blocks are owned by the routine via unique_ptr for automatic lifetime management.
 		//
-		std::unordered_map<vip_t, basic_block*> explored_blocks;
+		std::unordered_map<vip_t, std::unique_ptr<basic_block>> explored_blocks;
 
 		// Cache of paths from block A to block B.
 		//
@@ -183,7 +200,7 @@ namespace vtil
 		{
 			std::lock_guard _g( mutex );
 			for ( auto& [vip, block] : explored_blocks )
-				if ( enumerator::invoke( fn, block ).should_break )
+				if ( enumerator::invoke( fn, block.get() ).should_break )
 					return;
 		}
 
@@ -268,6 +285,6 @@ namespace vtil
 
 		// Clones the routine and it's every block.
 		//
-		routine* clone() const;
+		std::unique_ptr<routine> clone() const;
 	};
 };
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/VTIL-Architecture/routine/serialization.cpp b/VTIL-Architecture/routine/serialization.cpp
index deb2d97..1e54804 100644
--- a/VTIL-Architecture/routine/serialization.cpp
+++ b/VTIL-Architecture/routine/serialization.cpp
@@ -92,7 +92,8 @@ namespace vtil
 		//
 		vip_t vip;
 		deserialize( in, vip );
-		blk = new basic_block( rtn, vip );
+		auto new_block = std::make_unique<basic_block>( rtn, vip );
+		blk = new_block.get();
 		deserialize( in, blk->sp_offset );
 		deserialize( in, blk->sp_index );
 		deserialize( in, blk->last_temporary_index );
@@ -100,7 +101,7 @@ namespace vtil
 		deserialize( in, list );
 		blk->assign( list.begin(), list.end() );
 		blk->owner = rtn;
-		blk->owner->explored_blocks[ blk->entry_vip ] = blk;
+		rtn->explored_blocks[ blk->entry_vip ] = std::move( new_block );
 
 		// Read referenced VIP's.
 		//
@@ -115,17 +116,17 @@ namespace vtil
 		{
 			// Reference the cached instance.
 			//
-			basic_block*& blk = rtn->explored_blocks[ vip ];
+			auto& blk_ptr = rtn->explored_blocks[ vip ];
 
 			// Keep reading next block until referenced block is found,
 			// once it is found break out of the loop and return the block.
 			//
-			while ( !blk )
+			while ( !blk_ptr )
 			{
 				basic_block* tmp;
 				deserialize( in, rtn, tmp );
 			}
-			return blk;
+			return blk_ptr.get();
 		};
 		std::transform( prev.begin(), prev.end(), std::back_inserter( blk->prev ), ref_resolve );
 		std::transform( next.begin(), next.end(), std::back_inserter( blk->next ), ref_resolve );
@@ -161,7 +162,7 @@ namespace vtil
 		// Dump all blocks in cached order.
 		//
 		for ( auto& pair : rtn->explored_blocks )
-			serialize( out, pair.second );
+			serialize( out, pair.second.get() );
 	}
 	void deserialize( std::istream& in, routine*& rtn )
 	{
@@ -176,7 +177,7 @@ namespace vtil
 
 		// Create a new routine.
 		//
-		rtn = new routine( hdr.arch_id );
+		rtn = new routine( hdr.arch_id );  // Caller takes ownership
 
 		// Read the entry point VIP.
 		//
@@ -210,7 +211,7 @@ namespace vtil
 
 		// Assign the fetched entry point from cache and return.
 		//
-		rtn->entry_point = rtn->explored_blocks[ entry_vip ];
+		rtn->entry_point = rtn->explored_blocks[ entry_vip ].get();
 		if ( !rtn->entry_point )
 			throw std::runtime_error( "Failed resolving entry point." );
 
diff --git a/VTIL-Architecture/trace/tracer.hpp b/VTIL-Architecture/trace/tracer.hpp
index b25514d..0310ee3 100644
--- a/VTIL-Architecture/trace/tracer.hpp
+++ b/VTIL-Architecture/trace/tracer.hpp
@@ -42,6 +42,10 @@ namespace vtil
 	//
 	struct tracer
 	{
+		// Virtual destructor for safe polymorphic deletion.
+		//
+		virtual ~tracer() = default;
+
 		inline static thread_local bool recursive_flag = false;
 
 		// Traces a variable across the basic block it belongs to and generates a symbolic expression 
diff --git a/VTIL-Architecture/vm/interface.hpp b/VTIL-Architecture/vm/interface.hpp
index efc0cea..7e0c109 100644
--- a/VTIL-Architecture/vm/interface.hpp
+++ b/VTIL-Architecture/vm/interface.hpp
@@ -48,19 +48,25 @@ namespace vtil
 	{
 		// Reads from the register.
 		//
-		virtual symbolic::expression::reference read_register( const register_desc& desc ) const { unreachable(); return {}; }
-		
+		// Virtual destructor for safe polymorphic deletion.
+		//
+		virtual ~vm_interface() = default;
+
+		// Reads from the register.
+		//
+		virtual symbolic::expression::reference read_register( const register_desc& desc ) const { logger::error( "Pure virtual call to vm_interface::read_register" ); }
+
 		// Reads the given number of bytes from the memory, returns null if aliasing fails.
 		//
-		virtual symbolic::expression::reference read_memory( const symbolic::expression::reference& pointer, size_t byte_count ) const { unreachable(); return {}; }
+		virtual symbolic::expression::reference read_memory( const symbolic::expression::reference& pointer, size_t byte_count ) const { logger::error( "Pure virtual call to vm_interface::read_memory" ); }
 
 		// Writes to the register.
 		//
-		virtual void write_register( const register_desc& desc,symbolic::expression::reference value ) { unreachable(); }
-		
+		virtual void write_register( const register_desc& desc,symbolic::expression::reference value ) { logger::error( "Pure virtual call to vm_interface::write_register" ); }
+
 		// Writes the given expression to the memory, returns false if aliasing fails.
 		//
-		virtual bool write_memory( const symbolic::expression::reference& pointer, deferred_value<symbolic::expression::reference> value, bitcnt_t size ) { unreachable(); return false; }
+		virtual bool write_memory( const symbolic::expression::reference& pointer, deferred_value<symbolic::expression::reference> value, bitcnt_t size ) { logger::error( "Pure virtual call to vm_interface::write_memory" ); }
 		bool write_memory_v( const symbolic::expression::reference& pointer, symbolic::expression::reference value ) { return write_memory( pointer, std::move( value ), value.size() ); }
 
 		// Runs the given instruction, returns whether it was successful.
diff --git a/VTIL-Common/CMakeLists.txt b/VTIL-Common/CMakeLists.txt
index 46840f0..7550315 100644
--- a/VTIL-Common/CMakeLists.txt
+++ b/VTIL-Common/CMakeLists.txt
@@ -58,4 +58,32 @@ endif()
 
 # Include Threads
 find_package(Threads REQUIRED)
-target_link_libraries(${PROJECT_NAME} PUBLIC ${CMAKE_THREAD_LIBS_INIT})
\ No newline at end of file
+target_link_libraries(${PROJECT_NAME} PUBLIC ${CMAKE_THREAD_LIBS_INIT})
+
+target_precompile_headers(${PROJECT_NAME} PUBLIC
+    <atomic>
+    <mutex>
+    <string>
+    <vector>
+    <unordered_map>
+    <unordered_set>
+    <type_traits>
+    <functional>
+    <optional>
+    <cstdint>
+    <memory>
+    <algorithm>
+    <tuple>
+    <array>
+    <chrono>
+    <string_view>
+)
+
+if(VTIL_UNITY_BUILD)
+    set_target_properties(${PROJECT_NAME} PROPERTIES UNITY_BUILD ON)
+endif()
+
+if(VTIL_SANITIZE_THREADS AND CMAKE_CXX_COMPILER_ID MATCHES "Clang|GNU")
+    target_compile_options(${PROJECT_NAME} PUBLIC -fsanitize=thread)
+    target_link_options(${PROJECT_NAME} PUBLIC -fsanitize=thread)
+endif()
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/VTIL-Common/io/asserts.hpp b/VTIL-Common/io/asserts.hpp
index fa8334b..a4f0da7 100644
--- a/VTIL-Common/io/asserts.hpp
+++ b/VTIL-Common/io/asserts.hpp
@@ -71,11 +71,16 @@ namespace vtil
 // Declare debug assertions, dassert is only asserted in debug mode, dassert_s
 // has the same functionality but is still evaluated in release mode.
 //
+// Release-mode assertion: always active regardless of build configuration.
+// Use for critical invariants that must never be violated (e.g., null checks after allocation).
+//
+#define release_assert(...) vtil::abort_if(!bool(__VA_ARGS__), fassert__stringify(__VA_ARGS__) " at " __FILE__ ":" fassert__istringify(__LINE__) )
+
 #ifdef _DEBUG
 	#define dassert(...)     fassert( __VA_ARGS__ )
 	#define dassert_s( ... ) fassert( __VA_ARGS__ )
 #else
-	#define dassert(...)     
+	#define dassert(...)
 	#define dassert_s( ... ) ( __VA_ARGS__ )
 #endif
 
diff --git a/VTIL-Common/io/logger.hpp b/VTIL-Common/io/logger.hpp
index f5966dd..103c50e 100644
--- a/VTIL-Common/io/logger.hpp
+++ b/VTIL-Common/io/logger.hpp
@@ -252,16 +252,17 @@ namespace vtil::logger
 			format::fix_parameter<params>( std::forward<params>( ps ) )...
 		);
 
-		// Try acquiring the lock.
+		// Try acquiring the lock. Intentionally prints even without lock
+		// for crash safety -- warnings during deadlocks must still be visible.
 		//
 		bool locked = logger_state.try_lock( 100ms );
-		
+
 		// Print the warning.
 		//
 		set_color( CON_YLW );
 		fprintf( VTIL_LOGGER_ERR_DST, "\n[!] Warning: %s\n", message.c_str() );
 
-		// Unlock if previously locked.
+		// Release the lock if acquired.
 		//
 		if ( locked ) logger_state.unlock();
 	}
@@ -296,6 +297,15 @@ namespace vtil::logger
 		set_color( CON_RED );
 		fprintf( VTIL_LOGGER_ERR_DST, "\n[*] Error: %s\n", message.c_str() );
 
+		// Print a minimal stack trace for post-mortem traceability.
+		//
+#if defined(__GNUC__) || defined(__clang__)
+		{
+			fprintf( VTIL_LOGGER_ERR_DST, "[*] Stack trace:\n" );
+			fprintf( VTIL_LOGGER_ERR_DST, "    [0] %p\n", __builtin_return_address( 0 ) );
+		}
+#endif
+
 		// Break the program, leave the logger locked since we'll break anyways.
 		//
 		unreachable();
@@ -320,7 +330,11 @@ namespace vtil::logger
 				fprintf( VTIL_LOGGER_ERR_DST, "\n[*] Error: %s\n", message.c_str() );
 				sleep_for( 1000ms );
 			}
-			catch ( ... ) {}
+			catch ( ... )
+			{
+				set_color( CON_RED );
+				fprintf( VTIL_LOGGER_ERR_DST, "\n[*] Error: Unknown non-std exception caught during terminate\n" );
+			}
 
 			// Call into previous handler if relevant.
 			//
diff --git a/VTIL-Common/util/copy_on_write.hpp b/VTIL-Common/util/copy_on_write.hpp
index f1e2044..3fb0283 100644
--- a/VTIL-Common/util/copy_on_write.hpp
+++ b/VTIL-Common/util/copy_on_write.hpp
@@ -67,21 +67,22 @@ namespace vtil
 			}
 		}
 
+		// Legacy SFINAE helper kept for reference; prefer requires clause below.
 		template<typename T, typename... params>
 		using enable_if_constructor = typename std::enable_if_t<should_invoke_constructor<T, params...>(), int>;
 
 		template<typename T>
 		inline static T* reloc_const( const T* ptr, const void* src, void* dst )
 		{
-			int64_t reloc_delta = ( int64_t ) dst - ( int64_t ) src;
-			return ( T* ) ( ( uint64_t ) ptr + reloc_delta );
+			int64_t reloc_delta = reinterpret_cast<intptr_t>( dst ) - reinterpret_cast<intptr_t>( src );
+			return reinterpret_cast<T*>( reinterpret_cast<uintptr_t>( ptr ) + reloc_delta );
 		}
 
 		template<typename T>
 		inline static T& reloc_const( const T& ref, const void* src, void* dst )
 		{
-			int64_t reloc_delta = ( int64_t ) dst - ( int64_t ) src;
-			return *( T* ) ( ( uint64_t ) &ref + reloc_delta );
+			int64_t reloc_delta = reinterpret_cast<intptr_t>( dst ) - reinterpret_cast<intptr_t>( src );
+			return *reinterpret_cast<T*>( reinterpret_cast<uintptr_t>( &ref ) + reloc_delta );
 		}
 	};
 
@@ -97,29 +98,19 @@ namespace vtil
 
 		// Wrap atomic operations on reference counter.
 		//
+		// Atomic reference counting with consistent memory ordering across all platforms.
+		//
 		__forceinline static void inc_ref( object_entry* entry )
 		{
-#ifdef _MSC_VER
 			std::atomic_fetch_add_explicit( &entry->second, +1, std::memory_order::relaxed );
-#else
-			entry->second++;
-#endif
 		}
 		__forceinline static bool dec_ref( object_entry* entry )
 		{
-#ifdef _MSC_VER
 			return std::atomic_fetch_add_explicit( &entry->second, -1, std::memory_order::acq_rel ) == 1;
-#else
-			return --entry->second == 0;
-#endif
 		}
 		__forceinline static long get_ref( object_entry* entry )
 		{
-#ifdef _MSC_VER
-			return std::atomic_load_explicit( &entry->second, std::memory_order::relaxed );
-#else
-			return entry->second.load();
-#endif
+			return std::atomic_load_explicit( &entry->second, std::memory_order::acquire );
 		}
 
 		// Store pointer as a 63-bit integer and append an additional bit to control temporary/allocated.
@@ -145,7 +136,8 @@ namespace vtil
 
 		// Owning reference constructor.
 		//
-		template<typename... params, impl::enable_if_constructor<shared_reference<T>, params...> = 0>
+		template<typename... params>
+			requires ( impl::should_invoke_constructor<shared_reference<T>, params...>() )
 		shared_reference( params&&... p ) 
 		{
 			combined_value = ( uint64_t ) object_pool::construct
@@ -241,13 +233,13 @@ namespace vtil
 
 		// Gets object itself.
 		//
-		constexpr const T* get() const { return ( const T* ) pointer; }
+		constexpr const T* get() const { return reinterpret_cast<const T*>( static_cast<uintptr_t>( pointer ) ); }
 
 		// Check if temporary pointer.
 		// - Micro optimized to generate cmp branch instead of bitmasked 
 		//   test since MSVC is too stupid apparently.
 		//
-		constexpr bool is_temporary() const { return ( ( int64_t ) combined_value ) < 0; /*return temporary;*/ }
+		constexpr bool is_temporary() const { return ( static_cast<int64_t>( combined_value ) ) < 0; /*return temporary;*/ }
 
 		// Converts to owning reference.
 		//
@@ -271,7 +263,7 @@ namespace vtil
 
 			// Return the current pointer without const-qualifiers.
 			//
-			return ( T* ) combined_value;
+			return reinterpret_cast<T*>( combined_value );
 		}
 
 		// Simple validity checks.
@@ -307,7 +299,7 @@ namespace vtil
 		T* operator+() 
 		{ 
 			if ( is_temporary() ) [[unlikely]]
-				return ( T* ) pointer;
+				return reinterpret_cast<T*>( static_cast<uintptr_t>( pointer ) );
 			return own(); 
 		}
 
@@ -377,7 +369,7 @@ namespace vtil
 
 		// Redirect pointer and dereferencing operator to the reference and cast to const-qualified equivalent.
 		//
-		constexpr const T* get() const { return ( const T* ) pointer; }
+		constexpr const T* get() const { return reinterpret_cast<const T*>( static_cast<uintptr_t>( pointer ) ); }
 		constexpr const T* operator->() const { return get(); }
 		constexpr const T& operator*() const { return *get(); }
 
diff --git a/VTIL-Common/util/function_view.hpp b/VTIL-Common/util/function_view.hpp
index 14228ad..93300fc 100644
--- a/VTIL-Common/util/function_view.hpp
+++ b/VTIL-Common/util/function_view.hpp
@@ -28,6 +28,9 @@
 #pragma once
 #include "type_helpers.hpp"
 #include "../io/asserts.hpp"
+#ifdef _DEBUG
+#include <typeinfo>
+#endif
 
 namespace vtil
 {
@@ -44,6 +47,9 @@ namespace vtil
 		void* obj = nullptr;
 		Ret( *fn )( void*, Args... ) = nullptr;
 		bool const_invocable = true;
+#ifdef _DEBUG
+		const std::type_info* stored_type = nullptr;
+#endif
 
 		// Null construction.
 		//
@@ -61,6 +67,9 @@ namespace vtil
 				return ( *( F* ) obj )( std::forward<Args>( args )... );
 			};
 			const_invocable = Invocable<std::add_const_t<std::decay_t<F>>, Ret, Args...>;
+#ifdef _DEBUG
+			stored_type = &typeid( F );
+#endif
 		}
 		
 		// Unsafe for storage.
diff --git a/VTIL-Common/util/object_pool.hpp b/VTIL-Common/util/object_pool.hpp
index a1334c8..703b705 100644
--- a/VTIL-Common/util/object_pool.hpp
+++ b/VTIL-Common/util/object_pool.hpp
@@ -120,6 +120,7 @@ namespace vtil
 		{
 			static_assert( alignof( object_entry ) <= 8, "Object aligned over max alignment." );
 			pool_instance* pool = ( pool_instance* ) malloc( sizeof( pool_instance ) + sizeof( object_entry ) * ( n - 1 ) );
+			release_assert( pool != nullptr );
 			pool->object_count = n;
 			return pool;
 		}
diff --git a/VTIL-Common/util/relaxed_atomics.hpp b/VTIL-Common/util/relaxed_atomics.hpp
index 6e6c12d..1461960 100644
--- a/VTIL-Common/util/relaxed_atomics.hpp
+++ b/VTIL-Common/util/relaxed_atomics.hpp
@@ -58,10 +58,14 @@ namespace vtil
 		using base_type = T;
 		using base_type::base_type;
 
-		// Allow copy/move construction and assignment, safety is left to the owner.
+		// Allow copy/move construction (creates a NEW unlocked mutex, does not transfer lock state).
+		// This is intentional: used by routine::clone() to create independent mutex for the copy.
 		//
 		relaxed_mutex( relaxed_mutex&& o ) {}
 		relaxed_mutex( const relaxed_mutex& o ) {}
+
+		// Assignment is a no-op (same rationale as copy/move ctors: mutex state is not transferable).
+		//
 		relaxed_mutex& operator=( relaxed_mutex&& o ) { return *this; }
 		relaxed_mutex& operator=( const relaxed_mutex& o ) { return *this; }
 	};
diff --git a/VTIL-Compiler/CMakeLists.txt b/VTIL-Compiler/CMakeLists.txt
index 07abbb3..d6870c1 100644
--- a/VTIL-Compiler/CMakeLists.txt
+++ b/VTIL-Compiler/CMakeLists.txt
@@ -14,3 +14,9 @@ source_group(TREE ${PROJECT_SOURCE_DIR} FILES ${SOURCES} ${INCLUDES})
 
 target_include_directories(${PROJECT_NAME} PUBLIC includes)
 target_link_libraries(${PROJECT_NAME} VTIL-Common VTIL-SymEx VTIL-Architecture)
+
+target_precompile_headers(${PROJECT_NAME} REUSE_FROM VTIL-Common)
+
+if(VTIL_UNITY_BUILD)
+    set_target_properties(${PROJECT_NAME} PROPERTIES UNITY_BUILD ON)
+endif()
diff --git a/VTIL-Compiler/common/interface.hpp b/VTIL-Compiler/common/interface.hpp
index 446540a..86f548e 100644
--- a/VTIL-Compiler/common/interface.hpp
+++ b/VTIL-Compiler/common/interface.hpp
@@ -153,9 +153,9 @@ namespace vtil::optimizer
 			{
 				// Invoke parallel transformation.
 				//
-				transform_parallel( rtn->explored_blocks, [ & ] ( const std::pair<const vip_t, basic_block*>& pair )
+				transform_parallel( rtn->explored_blocks, [ & ] ( const std::pair<const vip_t, std::unique_ptr<basic_block>>& pair )
 				{
-					worker( pair.second );
+					worker( pair.second.get() );
 				} );
 				break;
 			}
diff --git a/VTIL-Compiler/optimizer/branch_correction_pass.cpp b/VTIL-Compiler/optimizer/branch_correction_pass.cpp
index c999df4..6dae029 100644
--- a/VTIL-Compiler/optimizer/branch_correction_pass.cpp
+++ b/VTIL-Compiler/optimizer/branch_correction_pass.cpp
@@ -48,10 +48,11 @@ namespace vtil::optimizer
 		//
 		cached_tracer local_tracer = {};
 		auto lbranch_info = aux::analyze_branch( blk, &local_tracer, {} );
-		ctracer.mtx.lock();
-		for ( auto& [k, v] : local_tracer.cache )
-			ctracer.cache[ k ] = v;
-		ctracer.mtx.unlock();
+		{
+			std::lock_guard _g{ ctracer.mtx };
+			for ( auto& [k, v] : local_tracer.cache )
+				ctracer.cache[ k ] = v;
+		}
 		auto branch_info = aux::analyze_branch( blk, &ctracer, { .cross_block = true, .pack = true, .resolve_opaque = true } );
 
 		// If branching to real, assert single next block.
@@ -233,7 +234,7 @@ namespace vtil::optimizer
 
 				for ( auto it = rtn->explored_blocks.begin(); it != rtn->explored_blocks.end(); )
 				{
-					if ( it->second->prev.size() == 0 && it->second != rtn->entry_point )
+					if ( it->second->prev.size() == 0 && it->second.get() != rtn->entry_point )
 					{
 						// For each destination:
 						//
@@ -241,14 +242,14 @@ namespace vtil::optimizer
 						{
 							// Remove the link.
 							//
-							block->prev.erase( std::remove( block->prev.begin(), block->prev.end(), it->second ), block->prev.end() );
-							
+							block->prev.erase( std::remove( block->prev.begin(), block->prev.end(), it->second.get() ), block->prev.end() );
+
 							// If no prev link left, repeat logic.
 							//
 							repeat |= block->prev.empty();
 						}
 
-						// Erase block.
+						// Erase block (unique_ptr auto-deletes).
 						//
 						it = rtn->explored_blocks.erase( it );
 					}
diff --git a/VTIL-Compiler/validation/test1.cpp b/VTIL-Compiler/validation/test1.cpp
index fa4578b..127ef44 100644
--- a/VTIL-Compiler/validation/test1.cpp
+++ b/VTIL-Compiler/validation/test1.cpp
@@ -42,7 +42,7 @@ namespace vtil::optimizer::validation
 			deserialize( iss, rtn );
 			return rtn;
 		}();
-		return std::unique_ptr<routine>{ cache->clone() };
+		return cache->clone();
 	}
 
 	bool test1::validate( const routine* rtn ) const
diff --git a/VTIL-SymEx/CMakeLists.txt b/VTIL-SymEx/CMakeLists.txt
index b5da114..610eac4 100644
--- a/VTIL-SymEx/CMakeLists.txt
+++ b/VTIL-SymEx/CMakeLists.txt
@@ -18,4 +18,10 @@ target_link_libraries(${PROJECT_NAME} VTIL-Common)
 if(MSVC)
     # /bigobj for reasons
     target_compile_options(${PROJECT_NAME} PRIVATE /bigobj)
+endif()
+
+target_precompile_headers(${PROJECT_NAME} REUSE_FROM VTIL-Common)
+
+if(VTIL_UNITY_BUILD)
+    set_target_properties(${PROJECT_NAME} PROPERTIES UNITY_BUILD ON)
 endif()
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/VTIL-SymEx/directives/directive.cpp b/VTIL-SymEx/directives/directive.cpp
index 989c2b7..271427e 100644
--- a/VTIL-SymEx/directives/directive.cpp
+++ b/VTIL-SymEx/directives/directive.cpp
@@ -87,24 +87,5 @@ namespace vtil::symbolic::directive
 		return true;
 	}
 
-	// Simple copyable unique pointer implementation.
-	//
-	instance::reference::reference( const instance& o )  : ptr( new instance( o ) ) {}
-	instance::reference::reference( instance&& o )       : ptr( new instance( std::move( o ) ) ) {}
-	instance::reference::reference( const reference& o ) : ptr( o ? new instance( *o ) : nullptr ) {}
-	instance::reference::reference( reference&& o )      : ptr( std::exchange( o.ptr, nullptr ) ) {}
-	instance::reference::~reference()
-	{
-		if ( ptr ) delete ptr;
-	}
-	instance::reference& instance::reference::operator=( instance::reference&& o )
-	{
-		ptr = std::exchange( o.ptr, nullptr );
-		return *this;
-	}
-	instance::reference& instance::reference::operator=( const instance::reference& o )
-	{
-		ptr = o ? new instance( *o ) : nullptr;
-		return *this;
-	}
+	// Note: instance::reference is now fully defined inline in directive.hpp :))
 };
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/VTIL-SymEx/directives/directive.hpp b/VTIL-SymEx/directives/directive.hpp
index e7684a8..f190778 100644
--- a/VTIL-SymEx/directives/directive.hpp
+++ b/VTIL-SymEx/directives/directive.hpp
@@ -148,41 +148,45 @@ namespace vtil::symbolic::directive
     //
     struct instance : math::operable<instance>
     {
-        // Simple copyable unique pointer implementation.
+        // Deep-copying unique pointer for directive instances.
         //
         struct reference
         {
-            instance* ptr = nullptr;
-            
+            std::unique_ptr<instance> ptr;
+
             // Construct by implicit null or instance value.
             //
-            reference() {}
-            reference( const instance& i );
-            reference( instance&& i );
+            reference() = default;
+            reference( const instance& i ) : ptr( std::make_unique<instance>( i ) ) {}
+            reference( instance&& i ) : ptr( std::make_unique<instance>( std::move( i ) ) ) {}
 
-            // Copy / Move from another reference.
+            // Deep-copy from another reference, move is default.
             //
-            reference( const reference& o );
-            reference( reference&& o );
-            reference& operator=( reference&& o );
-            reference& operator=( const reference& o );
+            reference( const reference& o ) : ptr( o.ptr ? std::make_unique<instance>( *o.ptr ) : nullptr ) {}
+            reference( reference&& ) = default;
+            reference& operator=( reference&& ) = default;
+            reference& operator=( const reference& o )
+            {
+                ptr = o.ptr ? std::make_unique<instance>( *o.ptr ) : nullptr;
+                return *this;
+            }
 
-            // Destructor deletes the value.
+            // Default destructor.
             //
-            ~reference();
+            ~reference() = default;
 
             // Null check.
             //
-            explicit operator bool() const { return ptr; }
-            
+            explicit operator bool() const { return ptr != nullptr; }
+
             // Pointer interface.
             //
-            operator instance*() { return ptr; }
-            operator const instance*() const { return ptr; }
+            operator instance*() { return ptr.get(); }
+            operator const instance*() const { return ptr.get(); }
             instance& operator*() { return *ptr; }
             const instance& operator*() const { return *ptr; }
-            instance* operator->() { return ptr; }
-            const instance* operator->() const { return ptr; }
+            instance* operator->() { return ptr.get(); }
+            const instance* operator->() const { return ptr.get(); }
         };
 
         // If symbolic variable, the identifier of the variable
diff --git a/VTIL-SymEx/directives/transformer.cpp b/VTIL-SymEx/directives/transformer.cpp
index 3fa6dd2..1a9262d 100644
--- a/VTIL-SymEx/directives/transformer.cpp
+++ b/VTIL-SymEx/directives/transformer.cpp
@@ -83,8 +83,8 @@ namespace vtil::symbolic
 					expression::reference lhs, rhs;
 
 					std::array tx = {
-						std::pair( &lhs, dir->lhs.ptr ),
-						std::pair( &rhs, dir->rhs.ptr )
+						std::pair( &lhs, dir->lhs.ptr.get() ),
+						std::pair( &rhs, dir->rhs.ptr.get() )
 					};
 					
 					if ( tx[ 1 ].second->priority > tx[ 0 ].second->priority )
diff --git a/VTIL-SymEx/expressions/fwd.hpp b/VTIL-SymEx/expressions/fwd.hpp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..df0f522
--- /dev/null
+++ b/VTIL-SymEx/expressions/fwd.hpp
@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+// Copyright (c) 2020 Can Boluk and contributors of the VTIL Project
+// All rights reserved.
+// Forward declarations for expression types to reduce header dependencies.
+//
+#pragma once
+
+namespace vtil::symbolic
+{
+	struct expression;
+	struct unique_identifier;
+};
diff --git a/VTIL-Tests/dummy.cpp b/VTIL-Tests/dummy.cpp
index f2c0755..4af75ff 100644
--- a/VTIL-Tests/dummy.cpp
+++ b/VTIL-Tests/dummy.cpp
@@ -1,3 +1,9 @@
+#if defined(__APPLE__) && (defined(__aarch64__) || defined(__arm64__))
+#ifndef DOCTEST_BREAK_INTO_DEBUGGER
+#define DOCTEST_BREAK_INTO_DEBUGGER() __builtin_debugtrap()
+#endif
+#endif
+
 #include "doctest.h"
 #include <vtil/vtil>
 #include <vtil/arch>
diff --git a/VTIL-Tests/main.cpp b/VTIL-Tests/main.cpp
index 1ac4575..69c4f16 100644
--- a/VTIL-Tests/main.cpp
+++ b/VTIL-Tests/main.cpp
@@ -3,5 +3,11 @@
 #define DOCTEST_CONFIG_NO_POSIX_SIGNALS
 #endif
 
+#if defined(__APPLE__) && (defined(__aarch64__) || defined(__arm64__))
+#ifndef DOCTEST_BREAK_INTO_DEBUGGER
+#define DOCTEST_BREAK_INTO_DEBUGGER() __builtin_debugtrap()
+#endif
+#endif
+
 #define DOCTEST_CONFIG_IMPLEMENT_WITH_MAIN
 #include "doctest.h"
\ No newline at end of file