# Getting Started

This course assumes you are already familiar with the basics of using Ghidra, including its static analysis features. To some degree, static analysis is an integral part of debugging with Ghidra.

## The specimen

Throughout this course, we will examine the provided “Terminal Minesweeper” specimen, named `termmines`. If the compiled artifact has not been provided for you, you may build it from source using the provided Makefile, but you will need `ncurses.h` first:

    cd GhidraClass/ExerciseFiles/Debugger
    make

The specimen is designed for Linux, but should be trivially portable to other Unix systems. You will need `ncurses` and its development headers and libraries available on your system. Though source code for the specimen is available, we strongly encourage you to work on the course exercises without referring to it. Symbols and debug information are removed from the binary. With some effort, `termmines` may even port to Windows; however, we have not tested this course on Windows.

It is a good idea to get acquainted with the specimen. In general, you should take precautions before running code you do not understand or trust. For `termmines`, the risk is negligible. Run it:

    ./termmines

You should see a 9x9 grid and a cursor you can move with the arrow keys.

Termmines running in a Terminal

Hit `CTRL`-`C` to exit. Probe it for help. Most Linux programs accept a `-h` argument for help:

    ./termmines -h

You should now have all the information you need to understand how the game works. If you have never played Minesweeper before, read up online, and perhaps try playing a couple of games. Don’t get distracted, though.

## Launching on Linux

On Linux, we will use GDB to debug the specimen. There are many ways to do this, but for the sake of simplicity, import and launch as follows:

1. Import `termmines` into a new Ghidra project.

2. If you have a CodeBrowser open, close it and return to the main Ghidra project window.

3. Drag `termmines` onto the Debugger in the Tool Chest.

4. This will bring up the specimen in the Debugger tool. (If you are prompted to analyze, choose Yes.)

   Debugger tool with termmines open

5. In the Debugger tool, click the dropdown ▾ for the debug icon in the global tool bar, and select Configure and Launch termmines using… → gdb.

   Launch GDB Dialog

6. Change the Run Command to “start” (not “starti”). NOTE: In practice, this is rarely recommended, because most targets do not export their `main` function.

7. Click the Launch button in the dialog.

8. Wait a bit then verify the Dynamic Listing window (top) is displaying disassembly code.

   Debugger tool after launching termmines

## Launching on Windows

On Windows, we will use the Windows Debugger dbgeng.dll to debug the specimen. This is the engine that backs WinDbg. You may choose an alternative Minesweeper, since terminal applications are less representative of Windows executables. Follow the same process as for Linux, except import `termmines.exe` and select Configure and Launch termmines.exe using… → dbgeng.

## Launching on macOS

On macOS, we will use LLDB to debug the specimen. This is the debugger included with Xcode. Follow the same process as for Linux, except choose lldb in the last menu.

## Troubleshooting

### I’m having trouble importing `termmines`

Check that `termmines` exists. You may need to build it yourself using `make`. If it exists and you are still having trouble, please refer to the Beginner course.

### There is no Debugger icon in my Tool Chest

Double-check that you are looking at the main Ghidra Project window, not a CodeBrowser. The tool chest is the box of big icons above the list of imported programs. If it is not there, you can try importing it from the default tools:

1. In the menus, select Tools → Import Default Tools
2. Select “defaultTools/Debugger.tool”
3. Click Import

### There is no Debug / Launch icon in the global toolbar

Double-check that you are in the Debugger tool, not the CodeBrowser tool. If it is still not there, then you may need to re-import the default Debugger tool as under the previous heading. If it is still not there, your installation may be corrupt.

### There is no gdb option in the launch drop-down

You may have an older Debugger tool still configured for Recorder-based targets. We are transitioning to TraceRmi-based targets. Delete your Debugger tool and re-import the default one using the instructions above. If it is still not there, it’s possible your installation is corrupt. Search for a file called `local-gdb.sh` in your installation. Unlike the previous system, Trace RMI will not probe your system for dependencies nor hide incompatible launchers. All installed launchers should be present in the menus, even though some may not work on your configuration.

### The launch hangs for several seconds and then I get prompted with a wall of text

Read the wall of text. The first line should tell you the exception that it encountered. Often this is a timeout. Press the Keep button and then find the Terminal, usually in the bottom right. If you do not see it there, check the Window → Terminals menu. Once you have found the Terminal, check its output starting at the top for diagnostic messages. If you have something like `bash: gdb: command not found`, it is because you are missing `gdb`, or you need to tell Ghidra where to find it.

If it is just missing, then install it and try again. If you need to tell Ghidra where it is, then in the launcher drop-down, select Configure and Launch termmines using… → gdb. DO NOT select Re-launch termmines using gdb, since this will not allow you to correct the configuration.

If it looks like there’s an error about importing python packages, e.g., “google protobuf,” then you need to install some dependencies. These are listed in the launcher’s description. For your convenience, the correct versions are distributed with Ghidra. Search for files ending in `.whl` (or `.tar.gz`) and install the required ones using `python3 -m pip install`.

### The Dynamic Listing is empty

Check for an actual connection. You should see an entry in the Connection Manager window, a populated Model window, and there should be a Terminal window. If not, then your GDB connector may not be configured properly. Try the steps under the previous heading.

If you have a Terminal window, there are several possibilities:

#### Ghidra or GDB failed to launch the target:

If this is the case, you should see an error message in the Terminal, e.g.: `termmines: no such file or directory`. Check that the original `termmines` exists and is executable. You may also need to adjust the Image option when configuring the launch.

#### The target was launched, but immediately terminated:

If this is the case, you should see a message in the Terminal, e.g.: `[Inferior 1 (process 1234) exited normally]`. Check that the specimen has a `main` symbol. NOTE: It is not sufficient to place a `main` label in Ghidra. The original file must have a `main` symbol.

Alternatively, in the menus try Debugger → Configure and Launch termmines using → gdb, and select “starti” for Run Command. This will break at the system entry point. If you have labeled `main` in Ghidra, then you can place a breakpoint there and continue — these features are covered later in the course.

Alternatively, try debugging the target in GDB from a separate terminal completely outside of Ghidra to see if things work as expected.

#### The target was launched, but has not stopped, yet

Try pressing the Interrupt button. If that doesn’t work or is unsatisfactory, try the remedies under the previous heading.

#### You hit an uncommon bug where the memory map is not applied properly

This is the case if the Dynamic Listing is completely blank but the Regions window is replete. The Dynamic Listing just needs to be kicked a little. The easiest way is to step once, using the Step Into button in the main toolbar. If this is not desirable, then you can toggle Force Full View back and forth. In the Regions window, use the drop-down menu to toggle it on, then toggle it off. The Dynamic Listing should now be populated. To go to the program counter, double-click the “pc = …” label in the top right.

#### Something else has gone wrong

Try typing `info inferiors` and similar GDB diagnostic commands into the Terminal.

### The listings are in sync, but the Dynamic Listing is grey 00s

Check the Auto-Read drop-down near the top right of the Dynamic Listing. It should be set to Read Visible Memory, RO Once.

## Exercise: Launch `termmines`

If you were following along with an instructor, delete your import of `termmines` and/or start a new Ghidra Project. Starting from the beginning, import `termmines` and launch it in the Ghidra Debugger with GDB. When your tool looks like the screenshot with a populated Dynamic Listing, you have completed the exercise. Disconnect before proceeding to the next exercise.

## Customized Launching

For this specimen, you may occasionally need to provide custom command-line parameters. By default, Ghidra attempts to launch the target without any parameters. In the Debugger menu, or the Launch button’s drop-down menu, use Configure and Launch termmmines → gdb to adjust your configuration. This is where you can specify the image path and command-line parameters of your target. Ghidra will remember this configuration the next time you launch using the drop-down button from the toolbar. Launchers with memorized configurations are presented as Re-launch termmines using… options. Using one of those entries will re-launch with the saved configuration rather than prompting.

## Exercise: Launch with Command-line Help

Launch the specimen so that it prints its usage. When successful, you will see the usage info in the Debugger’s Terminal window. NOTE: The process will terminate after printing its usage, and as a result, the rest of the UI will be mostly empty.

## Attaching

Attaching is slightly more advanced, but can be useful if the target is part of a larger system, and it needs to be running in situ. For this section, we will just run `termmines` in a separate terminal and then attach to it from Ghidra. This used to be required, because the older Recorder-based system did not provide target I/O, but this limitation is overcome by the new Terminal window when using Trace RMI. Note this technique is only possible because the target waits for input.

1. Run `termmines` in a terminal outside of Ghidra with the desired command-line parameters.
2. In the Ghidra Debugger, use the Launch button drop-down and select Configure and Launch termmines using… → gdb.
3. Clear the Image field to configure a GDB session without a target.
4. Ghidra needs to know the location of gdb and the architecture of the intended target. The defaults are correct for 64-bit x86 targets using the system’s copy of GDB.
5. Click Launch.
6. In the Model window (to the left), expand the Available node.
7. In the filter box, type `termmines`.
8. Right click on the node and select Attach, or, if you prefer, note the PID, e.g. 1234, then in the Terminal type, e.g., `attach 1234`.

TIP: In later exercises, you may use the Reset button to re-populate the default value for the Image field. Be sure to change Run Command back to “start”, though.

### Troubleshooting

If the Model window is blank, check for a “noname” tab in the Dynamic Listing, and click it.

If the Model window seems incomplete after attaching, check that its Filter box is cleared.

## Exercise: Attach

Try attaching on your own, if you have not already. Check your work by typing `bt` into the Terminal. If you are in `read` you have completed this exercise. Quit GDB from the Terminal before proceeding to the next module: A Tour of the UI

## Troubleshooting

If you get `Operation not permitted` or similar when trying to attach, it is likely your Linux system is configured with Yama’s `ptrace_scope=1`. We have provided a stub utility called `anyptracer`. The utility permits its own process to be traced by any other process and then executes a shell command. Using `exec` as that shell command enables you to execute the specimen in the permissive process, and thus you can attach to it as if `ptrace_scope=0`, but without reducing the security of the rest of the system. For example:

    ./anyptracer 'exec ./termmines'

Alternatively, if you have root access, you can rectify the issue using the relevant documentation available online. Beware! You should not set `ptrace_scope=0` globally, except on a system set aside for debugging, as this substantially reduces the security of that system. Any compromised process would be allowed to attach to and steal data, e.g., credentials, from any other process owned by the same user.