# Debugging Event Loop Performance

How to diagnose "the server feels slow" — written for both humans and AI assistants. Follow the
funnel in order; most incidents resolve before the last step. Do not start with dotnet-trace.

## The model

Every second of the main thread's wall time goes to exactly one of four places:

1. **Work** — the loop's phases: mobile deltas, item deltas, timer callbacks (`Timer.Slice`),
   network processing (`NetState.Slice`), posted tasks (`LoopContext`), world snapshots
   (`WorldSnapshot` — the on-loop portion of a save).
2. **Sleep** — idle blocking in `NetState.WaitForCompletion`, bounded by the next timer tick and
   `server.eventLoopIdleWaitMs`.
3. **GC pauses** — land inside whichever phase (or sleep) was running.
4. **Stolen** — the host ran something else: hypervisor scheduling, noisy neighbors, CPU credit
   throttling.

A sleep is bounded by the time to the next wheel turn, so **a correctly honoured sleep can never
cost a deadline**. The only way sleeping harms the game is the wait *returning late* — that is
stolen time, and the server measures it directly on every sleep.

## Step 0 — Read what production already tells you

No build changes needed. Three signals exist, all actionable:

| Signal | Meaning | Action |
|---|---|---|
| Startup error: *host cannot honour short waits* | No high-resolution timer and `timeBeginPeriod` failed. Very old or unusual Windows. | Nothing is wrong with the server; it spins and uses a full core. Upgrade the OS or accept the core. |
| Warning: *host returned a Nms idle wait late* + sleeping suspended | The OS did not reschedule the process promptly after a 1–2ms wait. Shared/burstable vCPU signature. | Move to dedicated CPU, or set `server.eventLoopIdleWaitMs=0` to spin permanently. This is a **host** problem — no amount of server-side change fixes it. |
| Admin gump → Performance → *Event Loop* | `Healthy` / `Sleep suspended (host)` / `Spinning (configured)` / `Spinning - host cannot honor short waits` | Same as above; the last verdict is the startup error's state, not a config choice. |

If none of these fired and the shard still feels laggy, the cause is work, GC, or something a
boot-time signal cannot see. Continue.

## Step 1 — Flip the profiling build

```
dotnet build -p:EventLoopProfiling=true
```

This compiles in `EventLoopProfiler` (Server) and the `[LoopStats` command (UOContent). Without
the flag every hook call site is removed by the compiler (`[Conditional]`), so there is nothing to
"turn off" in normal builds and no cost to leave the hooks in the code. The profiling build's own
overhead is a handful of timestamp reads per iteration — small enough to run for days while
hunting an intermittent problem.

**Capture a baseline first.** Run `[LoopStats` while the shard feels *fine* and keep the CSV. The
profiler also keeps ~15 minutes of history in memory, so if the problem is episodic you can wait
for an episode and the good minutes on either side are already recorded. Numbers without a
baseline are how RunUO's profiler became useless — always compare bad minutes to good minutes on
the same box, build, and world.

## Step 2 — Read the decomposition

`[LoopStats` prints the last minute and writes the full history CSV (one row per second). Match
the shape against these signatures:

| Signature | Diagnosis | Next step |
|---|---|---|
| One phase consistently hot (e.g. `TimerSlice` 40%/s) | Deep processing in that subsystem | Step 3 — find the culprit in that phase |
| All phases near zero, `stolen` high, `lateWakes` > 0 | Host is stealing CPU | Host problem; see step 0 actions |
| `gcPauseMs` high, gen2 counts rising | GC pressure — something is allocating heavily | Step 3 on the allocating phase, or dotnet-counters for alloc rate |
| Iterations ≫ sleeps while shard is idle | The loop is not sleeping: a queue never drains or a wake storm | Check `IsIdle` inputs; a stuck signal in the ring is the historical example |
| Sleeps ≈ iterations, each sleep ~0ms | Spurious wake storm | Ring backend issue; count `wakesIssued` vs actual cross-thread posts |
| Everything normal, complaint persists | Not the event loop | Look at the network path, client, or DB/save timing |

**Wheel lag vs player lag:** `wheelLagMaxMs` is how late timer callbacks fired. Receives are
handled the moment they arrive (they wake the loop), so player-felt lag with a clean wheel points
away from the loop entirely.

## Step 3 — Find the culprit inside a hot phase

Add a temporary culprit hook rather than reaching for a tracer. The pattern: same
`[Conditional("EVENT_LOOP_PROFILING")]` attribute, own file or the profiler file, record only the
worst offender per second (identity + duration), never a per-event log. Examples:

- `TimerSlice` hot → time each timer callback, keep the max and its `timer.ToString()`.
- `NetworkSlice` hot → time packet handlers by packet id, keep the max.
- GC pressure → `dotnet-counters monitor --counters System.Runtime` for alloc rate first; it is
  cheap and often names the culprit generation without a trace.

Keep the hook after the hunt if it earns its cost in the profiling build; delete it otherwise.

## Step 4 — dotnet-trace, last and targeted

Only when a hot phase resists the culprit hook. Know the costs: EventPipe visibly slows the
process (worst exactly when things are already bad) and adds artifacts to the trace — on small
vCPU hosts the tracer's own threads appear as hotspots and Rider/PerfView hotspot views can
mislead. Mitigate by being narrow:

- Trace the specific minutes the decomposition flagged, not "a while".
- `dotnet-trace collect --profile cpu-sampling --duration 00:00:30` is usually enough.
- Compare against a trace of a good minute (same rule as step 1: no baseline, no conclusions).

## The RAM / GC misconception (read before declaring a leak)

ModernUO allocates very little, and the GC collects opportunistically — mostly during idle sleeps
and world saves. Under a spinning loop (`eventLoopIdleWaitMs=0`, or the pre-2026 default) the GC
may find **no** natural pause point: memory climbs to a large fraction of physical RAM, a forced
collection eventually drops part of it, and fragmentation keeps the baseline permanently above
where it started. Task manager shows alarming numbers; the in-game numbers do not. **Performance
is unaffected — this is lazy collection working as designed, not a leak.** Idle sleeping largely
removes the effect because every sleep is a natural GC opportunity. Before investigating "a leak":
check `gen0/1/2` and `gcPauseMs` in the decomposition, and compare working set *after a world
save*, which forces the collection the spin loop never allowed.

## Rules of thumb

- Never trade always-on profiling for the numbers. Production carries one timestamp per sleep and
  nothing else; everything heavier lives behind the build flag or on the `measure/event-loop`
  branch (full harness, A/B scripts, vendored ring experiments).
- One decomposition chart beats a thousand log lines. Resist adding warnings the reader cannot
  act on; the three production signals are deliberate.
- When filing or reporting: attach the baseline CSV and the episode CSV. Relative statements
  ("TimerSlice went from 4% to 61% during the episode") are the useful form.